Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster egg counting method for detection of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants: a comparison study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26605/medvet-v15n2-4397Palavras-chave:
parasitological methods, goats, sheep, diagnosisResumo
The proper diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants requires the development of multivalent techniques characterized by high sensitivity, specificity, precision, reproducibility, and the ability to quickly detect and monitor infections that pose risks to animal health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Mini-FLOTAC technique and McMaster egg counting (gold standard) in the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of goats and sheep. A total of 789 fecal samples were analyzed (401 of sheep and 388 of goats). From those, nematode eggs were detected in 80.86% (638/789), being 72.57% (291/401) from sheep and 89.43% (347/388) from goats. The Mini-FLOTAC technique presented a better performance to detect helminth eggs in both goats (88.40%; 343/388) and sheep (71.57%; 287/401) (?2 = 10.358; p < 0.0001). Kappa analysis revealed a weak concordance between techniques for goats (k = 0.342; p < 0.001) and sheep (k = 0.281; p < 0.001). Data herein reported suggests that the Mini-FLOTAC is a technique more sensitive than the McMaster egg counting, therefore its use might be adopted for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection in small ruminants.Downloads
Referências
Ayres, M.; Ayres Júnior, M.; Ayres, D.L.; Santos, A.A. BIOESTAT – Aplicações estatísticas nas áreas das ciências biomédicas. Ong Mamiraua, 2007.
Banoo, S.; Bell, D.; Bossuyt, P.; Herring, A.; Mabey, D.; Poole, F.; Smith, P.G.; Sriram, N.; Wongsrichanalai, C.; Linke, R.; O'Brien, R.; Perkins, M.; Cunningham, J.; Matsoso, P., Nathanson, C.M.; Olliaro, P.; Peeling, R.W.; Ramsay, A. TDR Diagnostics Evaluation Expert Panel (WHO/TDR). Evaluation of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases: general principles. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 4(9): 21-31, 2006.
Barda, B.; Zepherine, H.; Rinaldi, L.; Cringoli, G.; Burioni, R.; Clementi, M.; Albonico, M. Mini-FLOTAC and Kato-Katz: helminth eggs watching on the shore of Lake Victoria. Parasites & Vectors, 6(220): 1-6, 2013.
Barda, B.; Cajal, P.; Villagran, E.; Cimino, R.; Juarez, M.; Krolewiecki, A.; Rinaldi, L.; Cringoli, G.; Burioni, R.; Albonico, M. Mini-FLOTAC, Kato-Katz and McMaster: three methods, one goal; highlights from north Argentina. Parasites & Vectors, 7(271): 1-7, 2014.
Bosco, A.; Maurelli, M.P.; Ianniello, D.; Morgoglione, M.E.; Amadesi, A.; Coles, G.C.; Cringoli, G.; Rinaldi, L. The recovery of added nematode eggs from horse and sheep faeces by three methods. BMC Veterinary Research, 14(1): 1-7, 2018.
Capasso, M.; Maurelli, M.P.; Ianniello, D.; Alves, L.C.; Amadesi, A.l.; Laricchiuta, P.; Silvestre, P.; Campolo, M.; Cringoli, G.; Rinaldi, L. Use of Mini-FLOTAC and Fill-FLOTAC for rapidly diagnosing parasitic infections in zoo mammals. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 28(1): 168-171, 2019.
Castro, L.L.D.; Abrahão, C.; Buzatti, A.; Molento, M.B.; Bastianetto, E.; Rodrigues, D.S.; Lopes, L.B.; Silva, M.X.; Freitas, M.G.; Conde, M.H.; Borges, F.A. Comparison of McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC fecal egg counting techniques in cattle and horses. Veterinary Parasitology, Regional Studies and Reports, 10(1): 132-135, 2017.
Cringoli, G.; Rinaldi, L.; Albonico, M.; Berqquist, R.; Utzinger, J. Geospatial (s) tools: integration of advanced epidemiological sampling and novel diagnostics. Geospatial Health, 7(2): 399-404, 2013.
Cringoli, G.; Maurelli, M.P.; Levecke, B.; Bosco, A.; Vercruysse, J.; Utzinger, J.; Rinaldi, L. The Mini-Flotac technique for the diagnosis of helminth and protozoan infections in humans and animals. Nature Protocols, 12(9): 1723-1732, 2017.
Dey, A.R.; Begum, N.; Alim, M.A.; Malakar, S.; Islam, M.T.; Alam, M.Z. Gastro-intestinal nematodes in goats in Bangladesh: A large-scale epidemiological study on the prevalence and risk factors. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 9(1): 1-10, 2020.
Diop, G.; Yanagida, T.; Hailemariam, Z.; Menkir, S.; Nakao, M.; Sako, Y.; Ba, C.T.; Ito, A. Genetic characterization of Moniezia species in Senegal and Ethiopia. Parasitology International, 64(5): 256-260, 2015.
Gordon, H.M.; Whitlock, H.V. A new technique for counting nematode eggs in sheep faeces. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 12(1): 50-52, 1939.
Grisi, L.; Leite, R.C.; Martins, J.R.; Barros, A.T.; Andreotti, R.; Cançado, P.H.; León, A.A.; Pereira, J.B.; Villela, H.S. Reassessment of the potential economic impact of cattle parasites in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 23(2): 150-156, 2014.
IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades - produção da pecuária municipal, 2016.
Ibrahim, N.; Tefera, M.; Bekele, M.; Alemu, S. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of small ruminants in and Around Jimma Town, Western Ethiopia. Acta Parasitologica Globalis, 5(1): 12-18, 2014.
Jesse, F.F.A.; Chung, E.L.T.; Abba, Y.; Lila, M.A.M.; Aishah, S.N.; Affandi, S.; Bitrus, A.A.; Peter, I.D.; Hambali, I.U. A veterinary clinical case of severe chronic Haemonchus contortus infection in a goat: the clinical management of the case and pathology findings. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7(6): 503-507, 2019.
Kaplan, R.M.; Vidyashankar, A.N. An inconvenient truth: Global worming and anthelmintic resistance. Veterinary Parasitology, 186(1-2): 70-78, 2012.
Kenyon, F.; Greer, A.W.; Coles, G.C.; Gringoli, G.; Papadopoulos, E.; Cabaret, J.; Berrag, B.; Varady, M.; Van, W.J.A.; Thomas, E.; Vercruysse, J.; Jackson, F. The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Veterinary Parasitology, 164(1): 3-11, 2009.
Landis, J.R.; Kock, G.G. The Measurement of observer agreement for categorical date. Biometrics, 33(1): 159-174, 1977.
Noel, M.L.; Scare, J.A.; Bellaw, J.L.; Nielsen, M.K. Accuracy and precision of Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster techniques for determining equine strongyle egg counts. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 48(1):182-187, 2017.
Paras, K.L.; George, MM.; Vidyashankar, A.N.; Kaplan, R.M. Comparison of fecal egg counting methods in four livestock species. Veterinary Parasitology, 257(1): 21-27, 2018.
Reis, J.C. Estatística aplicada à pesquisa em ciência veterinária. Recife: Copyright, 2003. 651p.
Rinaldi, L.; Levecke, B.; Bosco, A.; Ianniello, D.; Pepe, P.; Charlier, J.; Gringoli, G.; Vercruysse, J. Comparison of individual and pooled faecal samples in sheep for the assessment of gastrointestinal strongyle infection intensity and anthelmintic drug efficacy using McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC. Veterinary Parasitology, 205(1-2): 216-223, 2014.
Sampaio, I.B.M. Estatística aplicada à experimentação animal. Belo Horizonte: Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 1998. 221p.
Sargison, N. The critical importance of planned small ruminant livestock health and production in addressing global challenges surrounding food production and poverty alleviation. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 68(3): 136-144, 2020.
Selemom, M. Review on control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goat. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Research, 5(5): 1-8, 2018.
Silva, L.M.R.; Vila-Viçosa, M.J.M.; Maurelli, M.P.; Morgoglione, M.E.; Cortes, H.C.E.; Cringoli, G.; Rinaldi, L. Mini-FLOTAC for the diagnosis of Eimeria infection in goats: An alternative to McMaster. Small Ruminant Research, 114(1-2): 280-283, 2013.
Souza, M.F.; Pimentel-Neto, M.; Silva, R.M.; Farias, A.C.B.; Guimarães, M.P. Gastrointestinal parasites of sheep, municipality of Lajes, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 21(1): 71-73, 2012.
Squire, S.A.; Robertson, I.D.; Yang, R.; Ayi, I.; Ryan, U. Prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasites in ruminant livestock in the Coastal Savannah zone of Ghana. Acta Tropica, 199(1): 105-126, 2019.
Sykes, A.R. Host immune responses to nematodes: benefit or cost? Implications for future development of sustainable methods of control. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 39(1): 376-382, 2010.
Thrusfield, M. Epidemiologia Veterinária. 2ª ed. São Paulo: Roca, 2004. 556 p.
Torres-Acosta, J.F.L.; Hoste, H. Alternative or improved methods to limit gastrointestinal parasitism in grazing sheep and goats. Small Ruminant Research, 77(2-3): 159-173, 2008.
Vadlejch, J.; Petrtýl, M.; Zaichenko, I.; Cadková, Z.; Jankovská, I.; Langrová, I.; Moravec, M. Which McMaster egg counting technique is the most reliable? Parasitology Research, 109(5): 1387-1394, 2011.
Went, H.A.; Scare, J.A.; Steuer, A.E.; Nielsen, M.K. Effects of homogenizing methods on accuracy and precision of equine strongylid egg counts. Veterinary Parasitology, 261(1): 91-95, 2018.
Yusof, A.M.; Isa, M.L. Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodiasis and coccidiosis in goats from three selected farms in Terengganu, Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(9): 735-739, 2016.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
A Revista de Medicina Veterinária permite que o autor retenha os direitos de publicação sem restrições, utilizando para tal a licença Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição — Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso.
NãoComercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais.
CompartilhaIgual — Se você remixar, transformar, ou criar a partir do material, tem de distribuir as suas contribuições sob a mesma licença que o original.
Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
