BIOINDICADORES DE QUALIDADE DO SOLO
Keywords:
Atividade Microbiana, Microrganismos, Propriedades do solo, Sustentabilidade.Abstract
A qualidade do solo pode ser estimada a partir de indicadores de qualidade. Esses indicadores são características mensuráveis que permitem acompanhar e avaliar as alterações ocorridas num dado ecossistema. Devido à capacidade de responder rapidamente às mudanças no solo e o fato da atividade microbiana do solo refletir a influência conjunta dos fatores responsáveis pela degradação da matéria orgânica e ciclagem de nutrientes, os microrganismos e processos microbiológicos tem sido utilizados como indicadores sensíveis da qualidade do solo. Os bioindicadores mais adequados para uso na avaliação da qualidade são a biomassa microbiana, a respiração, os quocientes microbiano e metabólico e a atividade enzimática do solo.Downloads
References
ACOSTA-MARTÍNEZ, V.; LASCANO, R.; CALDERÓN, F.; BOOKER, J. D.; ZOBECK, T. M.; UPCHURCH, D. R. Dryland cropping systems influence the microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a semiarid sandy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 47, p. 655-667, 2011.
ADACHI, M.; BEKKU, Y. S.; RASHIDAH, W.; OKUDA, T.; KOIZUMI, H. Differences in soil respiration between different tropical ecosystems. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 34, p. 258-265, 2006.
AGNELLI, A.; UGOLINI, F. C.; CORTI, G.; PIETRAMELLARA, G. Microbial biomass C and basal respiration of fine earth and highly altered rock fragments of two forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 33, p. 613-620, 2001.
ALLISON, S. D.; VITOUSEK, P. M. Responses of extracellular enzymes to simple and complex nutrient inputs. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 37, p. 937-944, 2005.
ALLISON, V. J.; CONDRON, L. M.; PELTZER, D. A.; RICHARDSON, S. J.; TURNER, B. L. Changes in enzyme activities and soil microbial community composition along carbon and nutrient gradients at the Franz Josef chronosequence, New Zealand. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 39, p. 1779-1781, 2007.
AMADOR, J. A.; GLUCKSMAN, A. M.; LYONS, J. B.; GORRES, J. H. Spatial distribution of soil phosphatase activity within a riparian forest. Soil Science, v. 162, p. 808-825, 1997.
ANDERSON, T. H., DOMSCH, K. H. Application of eco-physiological quotients (qCO2 and qD) on microbial biomasses from soils of different cropping histories. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 22, p. 251-255, 1990.
ANDERSON, T. H., DOMSCH, K. H. Determination of ecophysiological maintenance carbon requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state. Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 1, 81-89, 1985.
ANDRÉA, M. M., PETTINELLI JR., A. Efeito de aplicações de pesticidas sobre a biomassa e a respiração de microrganismos de solos. Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia, v. 67, p. 223-228, 2000.
ANDREWS, S. S., CARROL, R. Designing a soil quality assessment tool for sustainable agroecosystems. Agronomy Journal, v. 11, p. 1573-1585, 2001.
ANDREWS, S. S.; KARLEN, D. L.; CAMBARDELLA, C. A. The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative soil quality evaluation method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 68, p. 1945-1962, 2004.
AON, M. A.; CABELLO, M. N.; SARENA, D. E.; COLANERI, A. C.; FRANCO, M. G.; BURGOS , J. L.; CORTASSA, S. I. Spatio-temporal patterns of soil microbial and enzymatic activities in an agricultural soil. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 18, p. 239-254, 2001.
AON, M. A., COLANERI, A. C. II. Temporal and spatial evolution of enzymatic activities and physico-chemical properties in an agricultural soil. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 18, p. 255- 270, 2001.
ARAÚJO, A. S. F.; CESARZ , S.; LEITE, L. F. C.; BORGES, C. D.; TSAI, S. M.;
EISENHAUER, N. Soil microbial properties and temporal stability in degraded and restored lands of Northeast Brazil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, v. 66, p. 175-181, 2013.
ARAÚJO, A. S. F.; MONTEIRO, R. T. R. Indicadores biológicos de qualidade do solo. Bioscience Journal, v. 23, p. 66-75, 2007.
BADIANE, N. N. Y.; CHOTTE, J. L.; PATE, E.; MASSE, D.; ROULAND, C. Use of soil enzymes to monitor soil quality in natural and improved fallows in semi-arid tropical regions. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 18, p. 229-238, 2001.
BAKER, L. R.; WHITE, P. M.; PIERZYNSKI, G. M. Changes in microbial properties after manure, lime, and bentonite application to a heavy metal-contaminated mine waste. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 48, p. 1-10, 2011.
BALDRIAN, P.; TROGL, J.; FROUZ, J.; ŠNAJDR, J.; VALÁŠKOVÁ, V.; MERHAUTOVÁ, V.; CAJTHAML, T.; HERINKOVÁ, J. Enzyme activities and microbial biomass in topsoil layer during spontaneous succession in spoil heaps after brown coal mining. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, p. 2107-2115, 2008.
BANDICK, A. K., DICK, R. P. Field management effects on soil enzyme activities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 31, p. 1471-1479, 1999.
BANNING, N. C.; GRANT, C. D.; JONES, D. L.; MURPHY, D. V. Recovery of soil organic matter, organic matter turnover and nitrogen cycling in a post-mining forest rehabilitation chronosequence. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, p. 2021-2031, 2008.
BARRETO, P. A. B.; GAMA-RODRIGUES, E. F.; GAMA-RODRIGUES, A. C.; BARROS, N. F.; FONSECA, S. Atividade microbiana, carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana em plantações de eucalipto, em seqüência de idades. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 32, p. 611-619, 2008.
BASTIDA, F.; KANDELER, E.; MORENO, J.L.; ROS, M.; GARCÍA, C.; HERNÁNDEZ, T. Application of fresh and composted organic wastes modifies structure, size and activity of soil microbial community under semiarid climate. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 40, p. 318-329, 2008.
BAUDOIN, E.; BENIZRI, E.; GUCKERT, A. Impact of artificial root exudates on
the bacterial community structure in bulk soil and maize rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 35, p. 1183-1192, 2003.
BEHERA N.; SAHANI U. Soil microbial biomass and activity in respons to Eucalyptus plantation and natural regeneration on tropical soil. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 174, p. 1-11, 2003.
BLAGODATSKAYA, Е.; KUZYAKOV, Y. Mechanisms of real and apparent priming effects and their dependence on soil microbial biomass and community structure: critical review. Biology Fertility of Soils, v. 45, p. 115-131, 2008.
BÖHME, L., BÖHME, F. Soil microbiological and biochemical properties affected by plant growth and different long-term fertilization. European Journal of Soil Biology, v. 42, p. 1-12, 2006.
BRANDÃO-JUNIOR, O.; HUNGRIA, M.; FRANCHINI, J. C.; ESPINDOLA, C.R.
Comparação entre os métodos de fumigação-extração e fumigação-incubação para determinação do carbono da biomassa microbiana em um latossolo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 32, p. 1911-1919, 2008.
BURNS, R.G. Enzyme activity in soil: location and possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 14, p. 423-427, 1982.
BURNS, R. G.; DE FOREST, J. L.; MARXSEN, J.; SINSABAUGH, R. L.; STROMBERGER, M. E.; WALLENSTEIN, M. D.; WEINTRAUB, M. N.; ZOPPINI, A. Soil enzymes in a changing environment: current knowledge and future directions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 58, p. 216-234, 2013.
CAMINA, F.; TRASAR-CEPEDA, C.; GIL-SOTRES, F.; LEIRÓS, C. Measurement of dehydrogenase activity in acid soils rich in organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 30, p. 1005-1011, 1998.
CARAVACA, F.; ALGUACIL, M. M.; FIGUEIROA, D.; BAREA, J. M.; ROLDÁN, A. Reestablishment of Retama sphaerocarpa as a target species for reclamation of soil physical and biological properties in a semiarid Mediterranean land. Forest Ecology Management, v. 182, p. 49-58, 2003.
CARNEIRO, M. A. C.; SIQUEIRA, J. O.; MOREIRA, F. M. S.; SOARES, A. L. L. Carbono orgânico, nitrogênio total, biomassa microbiana e atividade microbiana do solo em duas cronossequências de reabilitação após mineração de bauxita. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 32, p. 621-632, 2008.
CARREIRA, J. A.; VINEGLA, B.; GARCÍA-RUIZ, R.; OCHOA, V.; HINOJOSA, M. B. Recovery of biochemical functionality in polluted flood-plain soils: the role of microhabitat differentiation through revegetation and rehabilitation of the river dynamics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, p. 2088-2097, 2008.
CHAER, G. M.; MYROLD, D. D.; BOTTOMLEY, P. J. A soil quality index based on the equilibrium between soil organic matter and biochemical properties of undisturbed coniferous forest soils of the Pacific Northwest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 41, p. 822-830, 2009.
CHAER, G. M.; TÓTOLA, M. R. Impacto do manejo de resíduos orgânicos durante a reforma de plantios de eucalipto sobre indicadores de qualidade do solo. Revista Brasileira Ciência do Solo, v. 31, p. 1381-1396, 2007.
CLAASSENS, S.; RIEDEL, K. J.; VAN RENSBURG, T. L.; MORGENTHAL, P. J.; VAN RENSBURG, J. Soil microbial properties in coal mine tailings under rehabilitation. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, v. 4, p. 75-83, 2005.
CLAASSENS, S.; VAN RENSBURG, J.; MABOETA, M. S.; VAN RENSBURG, L. Soil microbial community function and structure in a post-mining chronosequence. Water Air Soil Pollution, v. 194, p. 315-329, 2008.
CRIQUET, S.; BRAUD, A. Effects of organic and mineral amendments on available P and phosphatase activities in a degraded Mediterranean soil under short-term incubation experiment. Soil and Tillage Research, v. 98, p. 164-174, 2008.
CRIQUET, S.; FERRE, E.; FARNET, A. M.; LE PETIT, J. Annual dynamics of phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic factors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 36, p. 1111-1118, 2004.
CRIQUET, S.; TAGGER, S.; VOGT, G.; LE PETIT, J. Endoglucanase and β-glycosidase activities in an evergreen oak litter: annual variation and regulating factors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 34, p. 1111-1120, 2002.
CUNHA-QUEDA, A. C.; RIBEIRO, H. M.; RAMOS, A.; CABRAL, F. Study of biochemical and microbiological parameters during composting of pine and eucalyptus bark. Bioresource Technology, v. 98, p. 3213-3220, 2007.
DE-POLLI, H.; GUERRA, J. G. M. Determinação do carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo: método da fumigação-extração. Seropédica: Embrapa-CNPAB, 1997.
DEGENS, B. P., SCHIPPERA, L. A., SPARLINGA, G. P., VOJVODIC-VUKOVIC, M. Decreases in organic C reserves in soils can reduce the catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 189-196, 2000.
DICK, W. A.; TABATABAI, M. A. Significance and potential uses of soil enzymes. In: METTING JR., F. B. (Ed.). Soil microbial ecology. New York: Marcel Dekker. 1999. p. 95-127.
DINESH, R.; CHAUDHURI, S. G.; GANESHAMURTHY, A. N.; DEY, C. Changes in soil microbial indices and their relationships following deforestation and cultivation in wet tropical forests. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 24, p. 17-2, 2003.
DODOR, D.; TABATABAI, A. Effect of cropping systems of phosphatases in soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, v. 166, p. 7-13, 2003.
DONI, S.; MACCI, C.; CHEN, H.; MASCIANDARO, G.; CECCANTI, B. Isoelectric focusing of β-glucosidase humic-bound activity in semi-arid Mediterranean soils under management practices. Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 48, p. 183-190, 2012.
DORAN, J. W.; PARKIN, T. B. Defining and assessing soil quality. IN: DORAN, J. W.; COLEMAN, D. C.; BEZDICEK, D. F.; STEWART, B. A. (Org.) Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. Madison: SSSA. 1994. p. 3-21.
DORAN, J. W.; SARRANTONIO, M..; LIEBIG, M. A. Soil health and sustainability. Advances in Agronomy v. 56, p. 2-54, 1996.
DORAN, J. W.; ZEISS, M. R. Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 15, p. 3-11, 2000.
EPRON, D.; NOUVELLON, Y.; DELEPORTE, P.; IFO, S.; KAZOTTI, G.; THONGO M’BOU, A.; MOUVONDY, W.; SAINT-ANDRÉ, L.; ROUPSARD, O.; JOURDAN, C.; HAMEL, O. Soil carbon balance in a clonal Eucalyptus plantation in Congo: effects of logging on carbon inputs and soil CO2 efflux. Global Change Biology, v. 12, p. 1021-1031, 2006.
FANIN, N.; HÄTTENSCHWILER, S.; BARANTAL, S.; SCHIMANN, H.; FROMIN, N. Does variability in litter quality determine soil microbial respiration in an Amazonian rainforest? Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 43, p. 1014-1022, 2011.
FERNANDES, M. F.; BARRETO, A. C.; MENDES, I. C.; DICK, R. P. Short-term response of physical and chemical aspects of soil quality of a kaolinitic Kandiudalfs to agricultural practices and its association with microbiological variables. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 142, p. 419-427, 2011.
GAMA-RODRIGUES, E. F.; BARROS, N. F.; VIANA, A. P.; SANTOS, G. A. Alterações na biomassa e na atividade microbiana da serapilheira e do solo, em decorrência da substituição de cobertura florestal nativa por plantações de eucalipto, em diferentes sítios da região sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 32, p. 1489-1499, 2008.
GAMA-RODRIGUES, E. F.; GAMA-RODRIGUES, A. C. Biomassa microbiana e ciclagem de nutrientes. In: SANTOS, G. A.; SILVA, L.; CANELLAS, L.P.; CAMARGO, F. A. O. (Ed.) Fundamentos da matéria orgânica no solo: ecossistemas tropicais e subtropicais. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Metropole. 2008. p. 159-168.
GARAU, G.; SILVETTI, M.; DEIANA, S.; DEIANA, P.; CASTALDI, P. Long-term
influence of red mud on As mobilityand soil physico-chemical and microbial parameters in a polluted sub-acidic soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 185, p. 1241-1248, 2011.
GARCIA, C.; HERNANDES, T.; ROLDAN, A.; ALBALADEJO, J.; CASTILLO, V. Organic amendment and mycorrhizal inoculation as a practice in a forestation of soils with Pinus halepensis Miller effect on their microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 1173-1181, 2000.
GEISSELER, D.; HORWATH, W. R.; SCOW, K. M. Soil moisture and plant residue addition interact in their effect on extracellular enzyme activity. Pedobiologia, v. 54, p. 71-78, 2011.
GIANFREDA, L.; RAO, M. A.; PIOTROWSKA, A.; PALUMBO, G.; COLOMBO, C. Soil enzyme activities as affected by anthropogenic alterations: intensive agricultural practices and organic pollution. Science of Total Environment, v. 341, p. 265-279, 2005.
GIL-SOTRES, F.; TRASAR-CEPEDA, C.; LEIRÓS, M.C.; SEOANE, S. Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 37, p. 877-887, 2005.
GRAHAM, M. H.; HAYNES, R. J. Organic matter status and the size, activity and metabolic diversity of the soil microflora as indicators of the success of rehabilitation of mined sand dunes. Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 39, p. 429-437, 2004.
GREEN, V. S.; STOTT, D. E.; CRUZ, J. C.; CURI, N. Tillage impacts on soil biological activity and aggregation in a Brazilian Cerrado Oxisol. Soil and Tillage Research, v. 92, p.114-121, 2007.
GRISI, B. M. Método químico de medição da respiração edáfica: alguns aspectos técnicos. Ciência e Cultura, v. 30, p. 82-88, 1978.
HANSON, P. J.; EDWARDS N. T.; GARDEN, C. T.; ANDREWS, J. A. Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations. Biogeochemistry, v. 48, p. 115-146, 2000.
HELINGEROVÁ, M.; FROU, J.; SANTRUKOVÁ, H. Microbial activity in reclaimed and unreclaimed post-mining sites near Sokolov (Czech Republic). Ecological Engineering, v. 36, p. 768-776, 2010.
HERNÁNDEZ, T.; GARCÍA, C. Estimacíón de la respiración microbiana del suelo. In: IZQUIERDO, C.G.; GIL-SOTRES, F.; FERNÁDEZ, T.H.; CEPEDA, C.T. (Ed.) Técnicas de análises de parámetros bioquímicos en suelos: medida de actividades enzimáticas y biomasa microbiana. Madrid: Mundi-Prensa. 2003. p. 313-346.
HERRICK, J. E.; BROWN, J. R.; TUGEL, A. J.; SHAVER, P. L.; HAVSTAD, K. M. Applications of soil quality to monitoring and management: paradigmas from rangeland ecology. Agronomy Journal, v. 94, p. 3-11, 2002.
HINOJOSA, M. B.; CARREIRA, J. A.; GARCÍA-RUÍZ, R.; DICK, R. P. Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal contaminated and reclaimed soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 36, p. 1559-1568, 2004.
HUNGRIA, M.; FRANCHINI, J. C.; BRANDÃO-JUNIOR, O.; KASCHUK, G.; SOUZA, R. A. Soil microbial activity and crop sustainability in a long-term experiment with three soiltillage and two crop-rotation systems. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 42, p. 288-296, 2009.
ISLAM, K. R.; WEIL, R. R. Land use effects on soil quality in a tropical forest ecosystem of Bangladesh. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 79, p. 9-16, 2000a.
ISLAM, K. R.; WEIL, R. R. A rapid microwave digestion method for colorimetric measurement of soil organic carbon. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, v. 29, p. 2269-2284, 1998.
ISLAM, K .R.; WEIL, R. R. Soil quality indicator properties in mid-atlantic soils as influenced by conservation management. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 55, p. 69-78, 2000b.
IZQUIERDO, I.; CARAVACA, F.; ALGUACIL, M. M.; HERNÁNDEZ, G.; ROLDÁN, A. Use of microbiological indicators for evaluating success in soil restoration after revegetation of a mining area under subtropical conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 30, p. 3-10, 2005.
JAKELAITIS, A.; SILVA, A. A.; SANTOS, J. B.; VIVIAN, R. Qualidade da camada superficial de solo sob mata, pastagens e áreas cultivadas. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, v. 38, p. 118-127, 2008.
JENKINSON, D. S.; POWLSON, D. S. The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil - I. Fumigation with chloroform. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 8, p. 167-177, 1976.
JIN, K.; SLEUTEL, S.; BUCHAN, D.; DE NEVE, S.; CAI, D. X.; GABRIELS, D.; JIN, J. Y. Changes of soil enzyme activities under different tillage practices in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Soil and Tillage Research, v. 104, p. 115-129, 2009.
KANDELER, E.; MOSIER, A. R.; MORGAN, J. A.; MILCHUNAS, D. G.; KING, J. Y.; RUDOLPH, S.; TSCHERKO, D. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities to the transient elevation of carbon dioxide in a semi-arid grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 38, p. 2448-2460, 2006.
KASCHUK, G.; ALBERTON, O.; HUNGRIA, M. Three decades of soil microbial biomass studies in Brazilian ecosystems: Lessons learned about soil quality and indications for improving sustainability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 20, p. 1-13, 2010.
KIZILKAYA, R.; BAYRAKLI, B. Effects of N-enriched sewage sludge on soil enzyme activities. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 30, p. 192-202, 2005.
KNAUFF, U.; SCHULZ, M.; SCHERER, H.W. Arylsufatase activity in the rhizosphere and roots of different crop species. European Journal of Agronomy, v. 19, p. 215-223, 2003.
LISBOA, F .J. G;, CHAER, G. M.; JESUS, E. C.; FARIA, S. M.; GONÇALVES, F. S.; SANTOS, F. M.; CASTILHO, A. F.; BERBARA, R. L. L. The influence of litter quality on the relationship between vegetation and below-ground compartments: a Procrustean approach. Plant and Soil, v. 367, p. 551-562, 2013.
MALUCHE-BARETTA, C. R. D.; AMARANTE, C. V. T.; KLAUBERG-FILHO, O. Análise multivariada de atributos do solo em sistemas convencional e orgânico de produção de maças. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 41, p. 1531-1539, 2006.
MANDAL, A.; PATRA, A. K.; SINGH, D.; SWARUP, A.; MASTO, R. E. Effect of longterm application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technology, v. 98, p. 3585–3592, 2007.
MATSUOKA, M. Atributos biológicos de solos cultivados com videira na região da serra gaúcha. 2006. 173 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência do Solo) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. 2006.
MELLONI, R. Quantificação microbiana da qualidade do solo.. In: SILVEIRA, A. P. D.; FREITAS, S. S. (Ed.) Microbiologia do solo e qualidade ambiental. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, 2007. p. 193-218.
MELLONI, R.; MELLONI, E. G. P.; ALVARENGA, M. I. N.; VIEIRA, F. B. M. Avaliação da qualidade de solos sob diferentes coberturas florestais e de pastagem no Sul de Minas Gerais. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 32, p. 2461-2470, 2008.
MELO, W. J.; MELO, G. P.; ARAÚJO, A. S. F.; MELO, V. P. Avaliação da atividade enzimática em amostras de solo. In: FIGUEIREDO, M. B. V.; BURITY, H. A.; OLIVEIRA, J. P.; SANTOS, C. E. R. S.; STANFORD, N. P. (Ed.) Biotecnologia aplicada à agricultura: textos de apoio e protocolos experimentais. Brasília: Embrapa, 2010. v. 1, p. 153-187.
MENDES, I. C.; FERNANDES, M. F.; CHAER, G. M.; REIS JUNIOR, F. B. Biological functioning of brazilian cerrado soils under different vegetation types. Plant and Soil, v. 359, p. 183-195, 2012.
MOREIRA, F. M. S.; SIQUEIRA, J. O. Microbiologia e bioquímica do solo. Lavras: UFLA, 2002.
NANNIPIERI, P.; GRECO, S.; CECCANTI, B. Ecological significance of the biological activity in soil. In: BOLLAG, J. M.; STOTZKY, G. (Ed.). Soil biochemistry. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1990. v. 6, p. 293-355.
NOGUEIRA, M. A.; ALBINO, U. B.; BRANDÃO-JÚNIOR, O.; BRAUN, G.; CRUZ, M. F.; DIAS, B. A.; DUARTE, R. T. D.; GIOPPO, N. M..R.; MENNA, O.; ORLANDI, J. M.; RAIMAM, M. P.; RAMPAZO, L. G. L.; SANTOS, M. A.; SILVA, M. E. Z.; VIEIRA, F. P.; TOREZAN, J. M. D.; HUNGRIA, M.; ANDRADE, G. Promissing indicators for assessment of agroecosystems alteration among natural reforested and agricultural land use in southern Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 115, p. 237-247, 2006.
NUNES, L. A. P. L.; LIMA, L. M.; CARNEIRO, R. F. V.; TSAI, S. M.; SALVIANO, A.A.C. Land degradation on soil microbial biomass and activity in Northeast Brazil. Pedosphere, v. 22, p. 88 – 95, 2012.
ODUM, E. P. The strategy of ecosystems development. Science, v. 164, p. 262-270, 1969.
OLDEMAN, L. R. The global extent of soil degradation. In: GREENLAND, D. J.; SZABOLCS, I. (Ed.). Soil resilience and sustainable land use. Wallingford: CAB International, 1994. p. 99-118.
PARADELO, R.; MOLDES, A. B.; BARRAL, M. T. Properties of slate mining wastes incubated with grape marc compost under laboratory conditions. Waste Management, v. 29, p. 579-584, 2009.
PASCUAL, J. A.; GARCIA, C.; HERNANDEZ, T.; MORENO, J. L.; ROS, M. Soil microbial activity as a biomarker of degradation and remediation processes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 1877-1883, 2000.
PAUL, E. A.; CLARK, F. E. Soil microbiology and biochemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. 1989.
PAZ-FERREIRO, J.; TRASAR-CEPEDA, C.; LEIRÓS, M. C.; SEOANE, S.; GIL-SOTRES, F. Effect of management and climate on biochemical properties of grassland soils from Galicia (NW Spain). European Journal of Soil Biology, v. 46, p. 136-143, 2010.
PÉREZ DE MORA, A.; ORTEGA-CALVO, J. J.; CABRERA, F.; MADEJÓN, E. Changes inenzyme activities and microbial biomass after “in situ” remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 28, p. 125-137, 2005.
PÔRTO, M. L.; ALVES, J. C.; DINIZ, A. A.; SOUZA, A. P.; SANTOS, D. Indicadores biológicos de qualidade do solo em diferentes sistemas de uso no brejo paraibano. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v. 33, p. 1011-1017, 2009.
PRAGANA, R. B.; NOBREGA, R. S. A.; RIBEIRO, M. R.; LUSTOSA FILHO, J. F. Atributos biológicos e dinâmica da matéria orgânica em latossolos amarelos na região do cerrado piauiense sob sistema plantio direto. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 36, p. 851-858, 2012.
ROSCOE, R.; MERCANTE, F. M.; MENDES, I. C.; REIS-JÚNIOR, F. B.; FRANCHINI, J. C.; HUNGRIA, M. Biomassa microbiana do solo: fração mais ativa da matéria orgânica do solo. In: ROSCOE, R.; MERCANTE, F. M.; SALTON, J. C. (Ed.) Dinâmica da matéria orgânica sistemas conservacionistas: modelagem matemática e métodos auxiliares. Dourados, MS: Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, 2006. p. 163-198.
SANTRUCKOVÁ, H.; STRASKRABA, M. On the relations hip between specific respiration activity and microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 23, p. 525-532, 1991.
SARDANS, J.; PENUELAS, J. Drought decreases soil enzyme activity in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex L. forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 37, p. 455-461, 2005.
SARDANS, J.; PENUELAS, J.; ESTIARTE, M. Changes in soil enzymes related to C and N cycle and in soil C and N content under prolonged warming and drought in a Mediterranean shrubland. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 39, p. 223-235, 2008.
SCHIPPER, L. A.; DEGENS, B. P.; SPARLING, G. P.; DUNCAN, L. C. Changes in microbial heterotrophic diversity along five plant successional sequences. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 37, p. 2093-2103, 2001.
SCHLOTER, M.; DILLY, O.; MUNCH, J. C. Indicators for evaluating soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 98, p. 255-262, 2003.
SCHROTH, G.; D’ANGELO, S.A.; TEIXEIRA, W.G.; HAAG, D.; LIEBEREI, R.
Conversion of secondary forest into agroforestry and monoculture plantations in Amazonia: consequences for biomass, litter and soil carbon stocks after 7 years. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 163, p. 131-150, 2002.
SICARDI, M.; GARCIA-PRÉCHAC, F.; FRIONI, L. Soil microbial indicators sensitive to land use conversion from pastures to commercial Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) plantations in Uruguay. Applied Soil Ecology, v. 27, p. 125-133, 2004.
SILVA, A. P.; BABUJIA, L. C.; FRANCHINIA, J. C.; SOUZA, R. A.; HUNGRIA, M. Microbial biomass under various soil- and crop-management systems in shortand long-term experiments in Brazil. Field Crops Research, v. 119, p. 20-26, 2010.
SILVA, R. R.; SILVA, M. L. N.; CARDOSO, E. L.; MOREIRA, F. M. S.; CURI, N.; ALOVISI, A. M. T. Biomassa e atividade microbiana em solo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo na região fisiográfica Campos das Vertentes-MG. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 34, p. 1585-1592, 2010.
SINHA, S.; MASTO, R. E.; RAM, L. C.; SELVI, V.A.; SRIVASTAVA, N.;K.; TRIPATHI, R. C.; GEORGE, J. Rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species in a coal mining ecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 41, p. 1824-1832, 2009.
SINSABAUGH, R. L.; SHAH, J. J. F.; HILL, B. H.; ELONEN, C. M. Ecoenzymatic stoichiometry of stream sediments with comparison to terrestrial soils. Biogeochemistry, v. 111, p. 455-467, 2012.
SNAJDR, J.; VALASKOVÁ, V.; MERHAUTOVÁ, V.; HENRIKOVÁ, J.; CAJTHAML, T.; BALDRIAN, P. Spatial variability of enzyme activities and microbial biomass in the upper layers of Quercus petraea forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, p. 2068-2075, 2008.
STENBERG, B. Monitoring soil quality of arable land: microbiological indicators. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B. Soil and Plant Science, v. 49, p. 1-24, 1999.
ŠTURSOVÁ, M.; BALDRIAN, P. Effects of soil properties and management on the activity of soil organic matter transforming enzymes and the quantification of soil-bound and free activity. Plant and Soil, v. 338, p. 99-110, 2011.
TABATABAI, M. A. Enzymes. In: WEAVER, R. W.; AUGLE, S.; BOTTOMLY, P. J.; BERDICEK, Q.; SMITH, S.; TABATABAI, M. A.; WOLLUM, A. (Ed.) Methods of soil analysis: microbiological and biochemical properties. Madison: Soil Science Society of America, 1994. p. 775-833.
TAYLOR, J. P.; WILSON, B.; MILLS, M. S.; BURNS. R. G. Comparasion of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 34, p. 387-401, 2002.
TÓTOLA, M. R.; CHAER, G. M. Microrganismos e processos microbiológicos como indicadores da qualidade do solo In: ALVAREZ, V.H.; SCHAEFER, C. E. G. R.; BARROS, N. F.; MELLO, J. W. V.; COSTA, L. M. (Ed.) Tópicos em ciência do solo. Viçosa: Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 2002. p. 195-276.
TRASAR-CEPEDA, C.; LEIRÓS, M. C.; GIL-SOTRES, F. Hydrolitic enzyme activities in agricultural and forest soils. Some implications for their use as indicators of soil quality. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 40, p. 2146-2155, 2008.
TURNER, B. L.; HAYGARTH, P. M. Phosphatase activity in temperate pasture soils: Potential regulation of labile organic phosphorus turnover by phosphodiesterase activity. Science of the Total Environment, v. 344, p. 27-36, 2005.
TURNER, B. L.; MCKELVIE, I. D.; HAYGARTH, P. M. Caracterisation of water-extractable soil organic phosphorus by phosphatase hydrolysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 34, p. 27-35, 2002.
UDAWATTA, R. P.; KREMER, R. J.; GARRETT, H. E.; ANDERSON, S. H. Soil enzyme activities and physical properties in a watershed managed under agroforestry and row-crop systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 131, p. 98-104, 2009.
VANCE, E. D.; BROOKES, P. C.; JENKINSON, D. S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass-C. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 19, p. 703-707, 1987.
WALDROP, M. P.; BALSER, T. C.; FIRESTONE, M. K. Linking microbial community composition to function in a tropical soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 1837- 1846, 2000.
WARDLE, D. A. Metodologia para quantificação da biomassa microbiana do solo. In: HUNGRIA, M.; ARAÚJO, R. S. (Ed.). Manual de métodos empregados em estudos de microbiologia agrícola. Brasília: Embrapa, 1994. p.419-436.
WARDLE, D. A.; GHANI, A. A critique of the microbial metabolic (qCO2) as a bioindicator of disturbance and ecosystem development. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 27, p. 1601- 1610, 1995.
WELC, M.; BÜNEMANN, E. K.; FLIEßBACH, A.; FROSSARD, E.; JANSA, J. Soil bacterial and fungal communities along a soil chronosequence assessedby fatty acid profiling. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 49, p. 184-192, 2012.
XIAO-CHANG, W.; QIN, L. Beta-Glucosidase activity in Paddy soils of the Taihu Lake region, China. Pedosphere, v. 16, p. 118-124, 2006.
ZHANG, C.; LIU, G.; XUE, S.; SONG, Z. Rhizosphere soil microbial activity under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma, v. 161, p. 115-125, 2011.